The short version of Cardarine fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-01-29 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Clinical development stopped after rodent studies showed tumors at multiple sites. Whether those findings predict human cancer risk remains an open question, but they led sponsors to discontinue programs. Human safety data are limited to small, short-term studies that were not designed to assess cancer risk. Reported effects in those studies included changes in blood lipids, but the evidence is insufficient for medical use. Long-term consequences of nonmedical use are not well characterized. Questions about dose, duration, and individual susceptibility remain unresolved.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, an investigational compound developed in the 1990s for metabolic conditions. It acts as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and energy metabolism. The compound is frequently mislabeled as a selective androgen receptor modulator, or SARM, but its molecular target is different. GW501516 reached early clinical testing before development was discontinued. It has no approved therapeutic use in any country. The name cardarine is not a formal international nonproprietary name.
Regulatory treatment varies, but cardarine is not approved as a medicine. Sports authorities list GW501516 as a prohibited substance, and it is banned at all times under the World Anti-Doping Agency code. Many countries restrict sales for human consumption, while online vendors market it as a research chemical. Such products may lack purity data, and their actual contents can differ from the label. Purchasing or possessing cardarine may carry legal consequences depending on jurisdiction. The compound is not a dietary supplement ingredient in regulated markets.
At the molecular level, GW501516 binds and activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription. Activation shifts expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, energy expenditure, and lipid transport in skeletal muscle and liver. Animal studies report increased endurance and altered lipid profiles after exposure. Human data are limited to small trials and do not establish long-term safety or efficacy. PPARδ also has roles in cell proliferation, so the relationship between activation and cancer risk remains an open question.
Published literature on cardarine includes in vitro assays, rodent experiments, and a small number of human studies. Reports describe effects on exercise capacity and lipid metabolism in animals, while human evidence is sparse. Many online descriptions present the compound as a proven endurance aid, a claim not supported by regulatory approval or large clinical trials. Analytical studies focus on identifying the parent compound and its metabolites in biological samples. Important uncertainties include species differences, dose-response relationships, and the relevance of rodent tumor findings to humans.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | GW501516; GW-1516; endurobol | GW501516 is the research code |
| Drug class | PPARδ agonist | Not a selective androgen receptor modulator |
| Molecular formula | C21H18F3NO3S2 | Established chemical formula |
| Molar mass | 453.5 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport; not approved as medicine | Status varies by country |
== Overdose == Buspirone appears to be relatively benign in cases of single-drug overdose, although no definitive data on this subject appear to be available. In one clinical trial, buspirone was administered to healthy male volunteers at a dosage of 375 mg/day, and produced side effects including nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, miosis, and gastric distress. In early clinical trials, buspirone was given at dosages even as high as 2,400 mg/day, with akathisia, tremor, and muscle rigidity observed. Deliberate overdoses with 250 mg and up to 300 mg buspirone have resulted in drowsiness in about 50% of individuals. One death has been reported in a co-ingestion of 450 mg buspirone with alprazolam, diltiazem, alcohol, and cocaine.
=== Legal status === Rezafungin was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2023, The FDA granted the application for rezafungin orphan drug, fast track, and priority review designations. In October 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Rezzayo, intended for the treatment of invasive candidiasis in adults. The applicant for this medicinal product is Mundipharma GmbH. Rezafungin was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2023.
All these measures, according to the revisionist perspective, would have been allowed by San Martín, knowing that the loss of a large Peruvian capital would benefit the interests of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata so that it could project as the industrial leader of the South American continent, to the detriment of the Peruvians, since such a compulsive movement against the Hispanic social groups (who were leaders who organized, maintained and dynamized the productive bases that made the bases of the national economy work) did not take place in Chile and Argentina; thus evidencing that primarily the rivalries present in the regional groups of economic power in Latin America, for which both Chileans and Argentines (whose states financed the liberating expedition with the contributions of their bourgeoisies) had feelings and interests contrary to their regional equivalents in Peru (including the Inca nobility for their royalist tendencies), rather than emanating an idealized Spanish-American fraternity against imperialism.
== Cure rate == Skin cancers, especially high-risk basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, respond well to Mohs micrographic surgery, which has one of the highest cure rates for these types of cutaneous malignancies. The 5-year recurrence rate is around 1-3.3% for primary BCC which is equivalent to a 96.7-99% cure rate. The 5-year recurrence rate is around 5.2-5.6% for recurrent BCC which is equivalent to a 94.4-94.8% cure rate; slightly lower than with primary BCC. These figures are supported by the most recent international and large cohort studies. The 5-year recurrence rates are around 2.1% for primary and 5.2% for recurrent tumors of the aggressive or high-risk facial BCC category. In regards to SCC, cure rates are dependent on the skin cancer’s location and risk factors, however, they are overall similar to BCC cure rates. Cure rates are seen to range from 97.8% to 99% for melanoma in situ at follow-up of 4 to 5 years with Mohs surgery. In regards to invasive melanoma of the proximal limbs and trunk, cure rates are near 99.86%. To summarize, the primary BCC cure rate for Mohs surgery is approximately 97-99%, and the cure rate for recurrent BCC is around 94-95% with similar rates for other skin cancers.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Europe === The largest producer of beef jerky in Europe is The Meatsnacks Group (Valeo Foods). They are also a major producer of biltong, another type of dried meat snack. The company has expanded its product line to include salmon jerky.
Second Battle of Artois — In what was referred to as the Second Action of Givenchy, British and Canadian forces attacked northwest of La Bassée, France and captured the front line, but were pushed back by German grenades and a shortage of ammunition. An official inquiry led by Lord Mersey into the sinking of the RMS Lusitania began at Methodist Central Hall in Westminster, London. French airplanes raided Baden and Karlsruhe, Germany. Armenian genocide — A group of 20 activists with the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party were hanged in the Sultan Beyazıt Square of Constantinople. Among those executed were Armenian leaders Paramaz, Aram Achekbashian, and Kegham Vanigian. Other Armenian leaders who were executed that same day while en route to Severek, Turkey included Harutiun Jangülian, Rupen Zartarian, Sarkis Minassian, Khachatur Malumian, and Nazaret Daghavarian. Japanese Government Railways extended the Echigo Line in the Niigata Prefecture, Japan, with station Arahama serving the line. The Cornish Library opened in Winnipeg. It received damage from flooding in 1918 and was repaired. The sports club Magni Grenivík was established in Grenivík, Iceland. The village of Denmark, Wisconsin was established. Born: Thomas Huckle Weller, American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research into poliomyelitis viruses; in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States (d. 2008) Died: Konstantin Konstantinovich, 56, Russian noble, grandson of Nicholas I of Russia (b. 1862)
telomere A region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a linear chromosome which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration and from fusion with other chromosomes. Since each round of replication results in the shortening of the chromosome, telomeres act as disposable buffers which are sacrificed to perpetual truncation instead of nearby genes; telomeres can also be lengthened by the enzyme telomerase.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Traditionally, homeless shelters ban alcohol. In 1997, as the result of an inquest into the deaths of two people experiencing homelessness who recreationally used alcohol two years earlier, Toronto's Seaton House became the first homeless shelter in Canada to operate a "wet shelter" on a "managed alcohol" principle in which clients are served a glass of wine once an hour unless staff determine that they are too inebriated to continue. Previously, people experiencing homelessness who consumed excessive amounts of alcohol opted to stay on the streets, often seeking alcohol from unsafe sources such as mouthwash, rubbing alcohol or industrial products which, in turn, resulted in frequent use of emergency medical facilities. The programme has been duplicated in other Canadian cities, and a study of Ottawa's "wet shelter" found that emergency room visit and police encounters by clients were cut by half. The study, published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal in 2006, found that serving people experiencing long-term homelessness and who consume excessive amounts of alcohol controlled doses of alcohol also reduced their overall alcohol consumption. Researchers found that programme participants cut their alcohol use from an average of 46 drinks a day when they entered the programme to an average of 8 drinks and that their visits to emergency rooms dropped from 13.5 to an average of 8 per month, while encounters with the police fall from 18.1 to an average of 8.8.
== Silver nanoparticles in toothpaste == Silver nanoparticles are used for catalyzing chemical reactions, Raman imaging, and antimicrobial sterilization. Along with its antimicrobial properties, its low mammalian cell toxicity makes these particles a common addition to consumer products. Washing textiles embedded with silver nanoparticles results in the oxidation and transformation of metallic Ag into AgCl. Silver nanoparticles have different physicochemical characteristics from the free silver ion, Ag+ and possess increased optical, electromagnetic, and catalytic properties. Particles with one dimension of 100 nm or less can generate reactive oxygen species. Smaller particles less than 10 nm may pass through cellular membranes and accumulate within the cell. Silver nanoparticles were also found to attach to cellular membranes, eventually dissipating the proton motive force, leading to cell death. Silver nanoparticles that are larger than the openings of membrane channel proteins can easily clog channels, leading to the disruption of membrane permeability and transport. However, the antimicrobial effectiveness of silver nanoparticles has been shown to decrease when dissolved in liquid media. The free silver ion are potentially toxic to bacteria and planktonic species in the water. The positively charged silver ion can also attach to the negatively charged cell walls of bacteria, leading to deactivation of cellular enzymes, disruption of membrane permeability, and eventually, cell lysis and death.
Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is known to hamper appetite. Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is used to treat Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is usually under the trade name "Adderall" or "Mydayis". Amphetamine sulfate (also known as amfetamine) – US FDA-approved for the treatment of exogenous obesity under the brand name "Evekeo". Methylphenidate Cocaine Caffeine Glucomannan Leptin Lisdexamfetamine - US FDA approved for the treatment of binge-eating disorder in adults under the brand name "Vyvanse". Methamphetamine hydrochloride – USFDA-approved for the treatment of obesity (as a short-term) under the brand name "Desoxyn". Nicotine Liraglutide as brand name Saxenda Semaglutide (brand name Ozempic/Wegovy) GLP-1 agonist Tirzepatide (Brand Name Mounjaro, Zepbound) Metformin Opiates/opioids such as heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl, etc. Anti-obesity medication
The biosynthesis of mycofactocin from its precursor peptide MftA begins with decarboxylation of the C-terminal tyrosine residue by the radical SAM enzyme MftC, with help from the precursor-binding protein MftB. However, MftC appears next to perform a further modification to the MftA precursor peptide, an easily missed isomerization, by introducing a tyramine-valine cross-link, and consuming another S-adenosylmethionine in the process. The need for two modifications to MftA by MftC might explain the high degree of amino acid conservation in the last eight residues of MftA, as compared to the level of conservation seen for PqqA, precursor of PQQ. Next, the creatininase homolog MftE releases the C-terminal dipeptide, VY* (valine-tyrosine, where * indicates that the tyrosine was previously modified). Next, MftD converts the VY-derived dipeptide to premycofactocin, which has a biologically active redox center. And lastly, the glycosyltransferase MftF builds onto premycofactocin a variably sized, beta-1,4 linked oligomeric chain of glucose (i.e. cellulose), sometimes substituting derivatives such as 2-O-methylglucose. Mycofactocin, therefore, is not a single compound, but instead a mixture of closely related electron carriers that differ in the nature of their attached oligosaccharides.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. Cardarine is GW501516, a PPARδ agonist, while SARMs act on androgen receptors. The two classes are often grouped in informal discussions despite different mechanisms.
No. It has no approved medical indication in any country. Regulatory agencies have not cleared it for treatment or prevention of any condition.
Early clinical work stopped after rodent carcinogenicity findings. Those animal results raised concerns about long-term human risk, although direct human evidence is lacking. The human relevance of the tumors remains an open scientific question.
Cardarine is a common name for the investigational compound GW501516. It acts as a PPARδ agonist and is not approved for human use. It is prohibited in sport.