If you have been reading about GW501516 and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2026-05-15. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Published studies have examined GW501516 in animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, and exercise endurance. Early human trials reportedly ended, and development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in some rodent studies. Regulatory agencies have not approved cardarine for any medical use. Its availability through non-pharmaceutical channels raises questions about identity, purity, and legal status that are separate from its laboratory pharmacology. Those questions are often addressed through analytical testing rather than assumptions about product labels.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, also GW-1516, a synthetic compound developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonist. It belongs to a class of agents that modulate gene transcription related to lipid and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical and early clinical research for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not progress to approved therapeutic use. Its name appears in fitness and sports contexts despite not being approved as a drug.
GW501516 acts on PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that helps regulate fatty acid oxidation and energy homeostasis. In animal studies, activation of this receptor was associated with increased endurance and changes in lipid metabolism. Human trials examined effects on blood lipids and other metabolic markers, but the compound did not advance to approval. Rodent studies later reported tumors in multiple tissues at doses used in those experiments. Whether those findings translate to human risk remains uncertain, and the clinical relevance of the animal data is still debated.
Regulatory bodies treat GW501516 as a prohibited substance in competitive sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency added it to the prohibited list, and it falls under classes covering metabolic modulators and hormone-related agents. It is not approved by drug regulators for human use, and it is not a lawful dietary supplement. Products sold under the cardarine name may contain unlisted ingredients or different compounds. Because no approved product exists, quality and identity are not guaranteed by pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.
Cardarine is a common name for the investigational chemical GW501516, also written GW-1516. It was developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist for metabolic conditions such as dyslipidemia. Early research focused on lipid handling and energy use in skeletal muscle and other tissues. The compound was never approved as a medicine. In public discussion, it is often grouped with performance-enhancing substances, although its receptor target differs from that of anabolic steroids or selective androgen receptor modulators. Regulatory and health authorities have issued warnings about its use.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | PPARδ agonist | Not an anabolic steroid. |
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-1516 | Cardarine is an informal name. |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for research-grade solid. |
| Solubility class | Poorly soluble in water; soluble in some organic solvents | Such as DMSO or ethanol in laboratory settings. |
| Typical storage temperature | Cool, dry, protected from light | Specific conditions vary by supplier and form. |
Cardarine is frequently described as a fat-burning or endurance-enhancing supplement, but these claims exceed the available evidence. The compound is not a hormone, steroid, or selective androgen receptor modulator. Research articles discuss it as a tool compound for studying PPARδ biology, while anti-doping literature focuses on its abuse and detection. Quality of unapproved products is uncertain, and independent analyses have found impurities or incorrect labeling. Open questions include whether human cancer risk resembles that seen in rodents and how often non-athletes use the substance.
Cardarine has no approved therapeutic indication and is not marketed as a medicine. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists GW501516 as a prohibited substance at all times, covering both in-competition and out-of-competition periods. National laws vary: some countries treat it as an unapproved drug subject to import controls, while others have specific restrictions on sale for human consumption. It is often sold as a research chemical, a label that does not imply safety or legality. Enforcement actions have targeted online vendors and shipments.
Products sold as cardarine have been found to contain incorrect compounds, variable amounts, or no active ingredient at all. Independent testing is required to verify identity and purity. Common analytical approaches include high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance for structural confirmation. These methods can distinguish GW501516 from related PPAR agonists and from unrelated steroids. For regulators and researchers, such verification is central to interpreting both biological results and adverse event reports.
Cardarine is prohibited in competitive sport under the World Anti-Doping Agency code, where it is classified as a metabolic modulator. It is not approved as a prescription medicine in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Regulatory action has focused on its presence in sports and in products marketed as research chemicals. Because it has no accepted medical indication, supply is often unregulated. This status creates legal and safety uncertainties for anyone who encounters the substance.
The pharmacological interest in cardarine centers on PPARδ activation and its downstream effects on lipid handling and mitochondrial function. In animal studies, PPARδ agonists have been associated with changes in exercise endurance and fatty acid utilization, though results vary by model and protocol. Human data remain sparse, and the absence of large controlled trials limits conclusions about efficacy. Researchers often describe the compound as a tool for probing PPARδ biology rather than a proven therapeutic agent.
Safety discussions about cardarine frequently cite rodent carcinogenicity findings reported in the 2000s. In those studies, treated animals developed tumors at multiple sites, leading sponsors to discontinue clinical development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been resolved, but they are a major reason the compound is not approved. Current literature emphasizes uncertainty about long-term effects and the risks of unregulated use. Regulators and health agencies have not established a safe human exposure level.
Cardarine is a synthetic compound also known as GW501516, GW-501516, and sometimes endurobol. It was developed as a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not become a marketed human medicine. In regulatory and anti-doping contexts, it is treated as a prohibited substance rather than a licensed medicine.
Coffee in South Korea has been a strong element in South Korean culture. Originally introduced in the 19th century, it has become a prominent commodity in South Korean marketplaces. It is one of the most popular beverages in the area.
=== EC 2.3.1: Transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups === EC 2.3.1.1: amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.2: imidazole N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.3: glucosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.4: glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.5: arylamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6: choline O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.7: carnitine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.8: phosphate acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.9: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.10: hydrogen-sulfide S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.11: thioethanolamine S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.12: dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.13: glycine N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.14: glutamine N-phenylacetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.15: glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.16: acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.17: aspartate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.18: galactoside O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.19: phosphate butyryltransferase EC 2.3.1.20: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.21: carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.22: 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.23: 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.24: sphingosine N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.25: plasmalogen synthase EC 2.3.1.26: sterol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.27: cortisol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.28: chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.29: glycine C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.30: serine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.31: homoserine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.32: lysine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.33: histidine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.34: D-tryptophan N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.35: glutamate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.36: D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.37: 5-aminolevulinate synthase EC 2.3.1.38: [acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.39: [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.40: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]—phospholipid O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.41: β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase I EC 2.3.1.42: glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.43: phosphatidylcholine—sterol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.44: N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.45: N-acetylneuraminate 7-O(or 9-O)-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.46: homoserine O-succinyltransferase EC 2.3.1.47: 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase EC 2.3.1.48: histone acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.49: deacetyl-(citrate-(pro-3S)-lyase) S-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.50: serine C-palmitoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.51: 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.52: 2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.53: phenylalanine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.54: formate C-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.55: identical to EC 2.3.1.82 EC 2.3.1.56: aromatic-hydroxylamine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.57: diamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.58: 2,3-diaminopropionate N-oxalyltransferase EC 2.3.1.59: gentamicin 2′-N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.60: gentamicin 3′-N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.61: dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase EC 2.3.1.62: 2-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.63: 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.64: agmatine N4-coumaroyltransferase EC 2.3.1.65: bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.66: leucine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.67: 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.68: glutamine N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.69: monoterpenol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.70: deleted EC 2.3.1.71: glycine N-benzoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.72: indoleacetylglucose—inositol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.73: diacylglycerol—sterol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.74: chalcone synthase EC 2.3.1.75: long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.76: retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.77: triacylglycerol—sterol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.78: heparan-α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.79: maltose O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.80: cysteine-S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.81: aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.82: aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.83: phosphatidylcholine—dolichol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.84: alcohol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.85: fatty-acid synthase system EC 2.3.1.86: fatty-acyl-CoA synthase system EC 2.3.1.87: aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.88: Now covered by EC 2.3.1.254, EC 2.3.1.255, EC 2.3.1.256, EC 2.3.1.257, EC 2.3.1.258 and EC 2.3.1.259 EC 2.3.1.89: tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.90: β-glucogallin O-galloyltransferase EC 2.3.1.91: sinapoylglucose—choline O-sinapoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.92: sinapoylglucose—malate O-sinapoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.93: 13-hydroxylupinine O-tigloyltransferase EC 2.3.1.94: 6-deoxyerythronolide-B synthase EC 2.3.1.95: trihydroxystilbene synthase EC 2.3.1.96: glycoprotein N-palmitoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.97: glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.98: chlorogenate—glucarate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.99: quinate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.100: [myelin-proteolipid] O-palmitoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.101: formylmethanofuran—tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase EC 2.3.1.102: N6-hydroxylysine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.103: sinapoylglucose—sinapoylglucose O-sinapoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.104: The activity is covered by EC 2.3.1.25 EC 2.3.1.105: alkylglycerophosphate 2-O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.106: tartronate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.107: deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.108: α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.109: arginine N-succinyltransferase EC 2.3.1.110: tyramine N-feruloyltransferase EC 2.3.1.111: mycocerosate synthase EC 2.3.1.112: D-tryptophan N-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.113: anthranilate N-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.114: 3,4-dichloroaniline N-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.115: isoflavone-7-O-β-glucoside 6′′-O-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.116: flavonol-3-O-β-glucoside O-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.117: 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase EC 2.3.1.118: N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.119: Now covered by EC 2.3.1.199, EC 1.1.1.330, EC 4.2.1.134 and EC 1.3.1.93 EC 2.3.1.120: The reaction is due to EC 2.3.1.74 EC 2.3.1.121: 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.122: trehalose O-mycolyltransferase EC 2.3.1.123: dolichol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.124: Already listed as EC 2.3.1.20 EC 2.3.1.125: 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.126: isocitrate O-dihydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.127: ornithine N-benzoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.128: now classified as EC 2.3.1.266 and EC 2.3.1.267 EC 2.3.1.129: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.130: galactarate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.131: glucarate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.132: glucarolactone O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.133: shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.134: galactolipid O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.135: phosphatidylcholine—retinol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.136: polysialic-acid O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.137: carnitine O-octanoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.138: putrescine N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.139: ecdysone O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.140: rosmarinate synthase EC 2.3.1.141: galactosylacylglycerol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.142: glycoprotein O-fatty-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.143: β-glucogallin—tetrakisgalloylglucose O-galloyltransferase EC 2.3.1.144: anthranilate N-benzoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.145: piperidine N-piperoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.146: pinosylvin synthase EC 2.3.1.147: glycerophospholipid arachidonoyl-transferase (CoA-independent) EC 2.3.1.148: glycerophospholipid acyltransferase (CoA-dependent) EC 2.3.1.149: platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.150: salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.151: 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone synthase EC 2.3.1.152: alcohol O-cinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.153: anthocyanin 5-(6′′′-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase) EC 2.3.1.154: Now EC 2.3.1.176 EC 2.3.1.155: acetyl-CoA C-myristoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.156: phloroisovalerophenone synthase EC 2.3.1.157: glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.158: phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.159: acridone synthase EC 2.3.1.160: vinorine synthase EC 2.3.1.161: lovastatin nonaketide synthase EC 2.3.1.162: taxadien-5α-ol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.163: 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.164: isopenicillin-N N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.165: 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase EC 2.3.1.166: 2α-hydroxytaxane 2-O-benzoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.167: 10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.168: dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase EC 2.3.1.169: CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase EC 2.3.1.170: 6′-deoxychalcone synthase EC 2.3.1.171: anthocyanin 6′′-O-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.172: anthocyanin 5-O-glucoside 6′′′-O-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.173: flavonol-3-O-triglucoside O-coumaroyltransferase EC 2.3.1.174: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase EC 2.3.1.175: deacetylcephalosporin-C acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.176: propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.177: 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl synthase EC 2.3.1.178: diaminobutyrate acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.179: β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase II EC 2.3.1.180: β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III EC 2.3.1.181: lipoyl(octanoyl) transferase EC 2.3.1.182: Now covered by EC 2.3.3.21 EC 2.3.1.183: phosphinothricin acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.184: acyl-homoserine-lactone synthase EC 2.3.1.185: tropine acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.186: pseudotropine acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.187: acetyl-S-ACP:malonate ACP transferase EC 2.3.1.188: ω-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase EC 2.3.1.189: mycothiol synthase EC 2.3.1.190: acetoin dehydrogenase EC 2.3.1.191: UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxyacyl)glucosamine N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.192: glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.193: tRNAMetcytidine acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.194: acetoacetyl-CoA synthase EC 2.3.1.195: (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.196: benzyl alcohol O-benzoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.197: dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-α-D-galactopyranose 3-N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.198: glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.199: very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase EC 2.3.1.200: lipoyl amidotransferase EC 2.3.1.201: UDP-2-acetamido-3-amino-2,3-dideoxy-glucuronate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.202: UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-N-acetyl-β-L-altrosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.203: UDP-N-acetylbacillosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.204: octanoyl-[GcvH]:protein N-octanoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.205: fumigaclavine B O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.206: 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA synthase EC 2.3.1.207: β-ketodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase EC 2.3.1.208: 4-hydroxycoumarin synthase EC 2.3.1.209: dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.210: dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.211: bisdemethoxycurcumin synthase EC 2.3.1.212: benzalacetone synthase EC 2.3.1.213: cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-glucosyl-2-O-xylosylgalactoside) 6′′′-O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.214: pelargonidin 3-O-(6-caffeoylglucoside) 5-O-(6-O-malonylglucoside) 4′′′-malonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.215: anthocyanin 3-O-glucoside 6-O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.216: 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone synthase EC 2.3.1.217: curcumin synthase EC 2.3.1.218: phenylpropanoylacetyl-CoA synthase EC 2.3.1.219: demethoxycurcumin synthase EC 2.3.1.220: 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone synthase EC 2.3.1.221: noranthrone synthase EC 2.3.1.222: phosphate propanoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.223: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase EC 2.3.1.224: acetyl-CoA-benzylalcohol acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.225: protein S-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.226: carboxymethylproline synthase EC 2.3.1.227: GDP-perosamine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.228: isovaleryl-homoserine lactone synthase EC 2.3.1.229: 4-coumaroyl-homoserine lactone synthase EC 2.3.1.230: 2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone synthase EC 2.3.1.231: tRNAPhe {7-[3-amino-3-(methoxycarbonyl)propyl]wyosine37 -N}-methoxycarbonyltransferase EC 2.3.1.232: methanol O-anthraniloyltransferase EC 2.3.1.233: 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene synthase EC 2.3.1.234: N6-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine synthase EC 2.3.1.235: tetracenomycin F2 synthase EC 2.3.1.236: 5-methylnaphthoic acid synthase EC 2.3.1.237: neocarzinostatin naphthoate synthase EC 2.3.1.238: monacolin J acid methylbutanoate transferase EC 2.3.1.239: 10-deoxymethynolide synthase EC 2.3.1.240: narbonolide synthase EC 2.3.1.241: Kdo2-lipid IVA lauroyltransferase EC 2.3.1.242: Kdo2-lipid IVA palmitoleoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.243: lauroyl-Kdo2-lipid IVA myristoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.244: 2-methylbutanoate polyketide synthase EC 2.3.1.245: 3-hydroxy-5-phosphooxypentane-2,4-dione thiolase EC 2.3.1.246: 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetyl-CoA synthase EC 2.3.1.247: 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate cleavage enzyme EC 2.3.1.248: spermidine disinapoyl transferase EC 2.3.1.249: spermidine dicoumaroyl transferase EC 2.3.1.250: [Wnt protein] O-palmitoleoyl transferase EC 2.3.1.251: lipid IVA palmitoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.252: mycolipanoate synthase EC 2.3.1.253: phloroglucinol synthase EC 2.3.1.254: N-terminal methionine Nα-acetyltransferase NatB EC 2.3.1.255: N-terminal amino-acid Nα-acetyltransferase NatA EC 2.3.1.256: N-terminal methionine Nα-acetyltransferase NatC EC 2.3.1.257: N-terminal L-serine Nα-acetyltransferase NatD EC 2.3.1.258: N-terminal methionine Nα-acetyltransferase NatE EC 2.3.1.259: N-terminal methionine Nα-acetyltransferase NatF EC 2.3.1.260: tetracycline polyketide synthase EC 2.3.1.261: (4-hydroxyphenyl)alkanoate synthase EC 2.3.1.262: anthraniloyl-CoA anthraniloyltransferase EC 2.3.1.263: 2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase EC 2.3.1.264: β-lysine N6-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.265: phosphatidylinositol dimannoside acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.266: [ribosomal protein S18]-alanine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.267: [ribosomal protein S5]-alanine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.268: ethanol O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.269: apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.270: lyso-ornithine lipid O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.271: L-glutamate-5-semialdehyde N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.272: 2-acetylphloroglucinol acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.273: diglucosylglycerate octanoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.274: phosphate acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.275: acyl phosphate:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.276: galactosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.277: 2-oxo-3-(phosphooxy)propyl 3-oxoalkanoate synthase EC 2.3.1.278: mycolipenoyl-CoA—2-(long-chain-fatty acyl)-trehalose mycolipenoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.279: long-chain-acyl-CoA—trehalose acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.280: (aminoalkyl)phosphonate N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.281: 5-hydroxydodecatetraenal polyketide synthase EC 2.3.1.282: phenolphthiocerol/phthiocerol/phthiodiolone dimycocerosyl transferase EC 2.3.1.283: 2′-acyl-2-O-sulfo-trehalose (hydroxy)phthioceranyltransferase EC 2.3.1.284: 3′-(hydroxy)phthioceranyl-2′-palmitoyl(stearoyl)-2-O-sulfo-trehalose (hydroxy)phthioceranyltransferase EC 2.3.1.285: (13S,14R)-1,13-dihydroxy-N-methylcanadine 13-O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.286: protein acetyllysine N-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.287: phthioceranic/hydroxyphthioceranic acid synthase EC 2.3.1.288: 2-O-sulfo trehalose long-chain-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.289: aureothin polyketide synthase system EC 2.3.1.290: spectinabilin polyketide synthase system EC 2.3.1.291: sphingoid base N-palmitoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.292: (phenol)carboxyphthiodiolenone synthase EC 2.3.1.293: meromycolic acid 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase I EC 2.3.1.294: meromycolic acid 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase II EC 2.3.1.295: mycoketide-CoA synthase EC 2.3.1.296: ω-hydroxyceramide transacylase EC 2.3.1.297: very-long-chain ceramide synthase EC 2.3.1.298: ultra-long-chain ceramide synthase EC 2.3.1.299: sphingoid base N-stearoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.300: branched-chain β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase EC 2.3.1.301: mycobacterial β-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase III EC 2.3.1.302: hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:5-hydroxyanthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase EC 2.3.1.303: α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und 2IV-O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.304: poly[(S)-3-hydroxyalkanoate] polymerase
=== Kenny Kilbane === Kenny Kilbane (Conor MacNeill) is a VP on Pierpoint's FX desk, and Yasmin's line manager. Throughout the first season, Kenny subjects Yasmin to repeated bullying and verbal abuse in the workplace, which he often blames on his alcoholism. In one case, Yasmin brings Kenny to a client dinner she arranged with her family friend Maxim Alonso, but Kenny embarrasses her when he orders a stripper to perform a lap dance on Yasmin in front of her disgusted clients. On RIF day, however, Kenny's boss Hilary Wyndham advises that Yasmin not report his behavior during her interview, suggesting that being a "team player" would help her career prospects. In series 2, Kenny returns to work following a long stint in rehab during the COVID-19 pandemic, noticeably kinder to his colleagues and vocal about his commitment to self-improvement and repentance. Yasmin, though still uncomfortable around Kenny, invites him to another client dinner, which ends up going well after Kenny and the client bond over both attending AA. When Yasmin announces her departure from the FX desk for a role in private wealth management (PWM), Kenny takes her aside and offers a sincere, tearful apology for his past behavior. Later, however, new FX hire Venetia Berens reports to Kenny that CPS client Nicole Craig sexually assaulted her, and that Yasmin dismissed her concerns. Kenny confronts Yasmin about her response, but Yasmin berates him for his hypocrisy given his own history of abusive conduct towards her, and brands him a narcissist lording his sobriety over others.
He then ended the press conference promptly at 19:00 as journalists hurried from the room. After the press conference, Schabowski sat for an interview with NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw in which he repeated that East Germans would be able to emigrate through the border and the regulations would go into effect immediately.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In enzymology, 4-aminobutyrate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19), also called GABA transaminase or 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, or GABA-T, is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible chemical reaction: GABA + α-ketoglutaric acid ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamic acid The two substrates of this enzyme are GABA and α-ketoglutaric acid. Its products are succinate semialdehyde and L-glutamic acid. Th enzyme is a transferase, specifically a transaminase, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. This enzyme participates in 5 metabolic pathways: alanine and aspartate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and butanoate metabolism. It uses pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. This enzyme is found in prokaryotes, plants, fungi, and animals (including humans). Pigs have often been used when studying how this protein may work in humans.
Structural variations, such as deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and other rearrangements, are common in human genomes. These variations can have significant impacts on genome functions, and have been implicated in many diseases. Linked-read sequencing technology labels all reads that originate from the same long DNA fragment with the same barcode, so it enables the detection of a large number of structural variants. Complexity of structural variants can be resolved with linked-read sequencing, and provide a complete picture of the genomic landscape. Many scientists have already been using linked-read sequencing to identify and characterise structural variants in diverse populations, including people with genetic disorders or cancers
== Carbon-11 == Carbon-11 or 11C is a radioactive isotope of carbon that decays to boron-11 with a half-life to 20.34 minutes. This decay mainly occurs due to positron emission, with around 0.19–0.23% of decays instead occurring by electron capture.
1 May A new brain-reading method for "semantic decoding" is demonstrated. The non-invasive system, based on 16 hours of fMRI data per participant and a transformer, is able to translate a person's neural activity into a continuous stream of text. News outlets report the first study (6 Feb) modelling contemporary detectability of human civilization from afar which suggests overall radio-leakage from mobile towers would still be too weak to be detectable with humanity's next-generation radio telescopes from three of Earth's current closest nearby star-systems. Radar systems are not yet included in their model, while radar emissions during – and possibly since – the Cold War are thought to be the first most detectable cue by which hypothetical extraterrestrials could detect humanity. The second study, after one from early 2022 with similar results, about EEG data of dying humans finds a surge of gamma waves and increased functional connectivities in two of four patients. It provides data and analysis about the brain process of dying (terminal loss of sentience and life) and near-death experiences. 2 May A new AI algorithm developed by Baidu is shown to boost the antibody response of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines by 128 times. A single-molecule valve is demonstrated, a breakthrough in nanoscale control of fluids. Scientists report economic factors of neurology or mental health and cognition during child development: association of low income with brain structure and hippocampal volume, stronger associations in U.S.
The education system is divided into three parts: basic education, secondary cycle, and tertiary education. "Basic education" lasts 11 years (ages 4‒15). It is divided into kindergarten (two years), primary school (two modules of three years) and junior high (three years). Junior high school ends with the Basic Education Certificate Examination. Once certified, the pupil can proceed to the secondary cycle. Hence, the pupil has the choice between general education (offered by the senior high school) and vocational education (offered by the technical senior high school or the technical and vocational institutes). Senior high school lasts three years and leads to the West African Senior School Certificate Examination, which is a prerequisite for enrollment in a university bachelor's degree programme. Polytechnics are open to vocational students. A bachelor's degree requires four years of study. It can be followed by a one- or two-year master's degree programme, which can be followed by a PhD programme of at least three years. A polytechnic programme lasts two or three years. Ghana possesses colleges of education. Some of the universities are the University of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, and University of Cape Coast. There are more than 95% of children in school. The literacy rate of youth ages 15 to 24 years old was 81% in 2010, with males at 82%, and females at 80%. The education system annually attracts foreign students, particularly in the university sector.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is commonly known as GW501516 or GW-1516. These names refer to the same synthetic compound. It is not a brand-name approved medicine.
No, cardarine is not a steroid. It is classified as a PPARδ agonist. Its structure and receptor target differ from anabolic steroids.
No regulatory agency has approved cardarine as a medicine. It was investigated in early research but development was discontinued. It is not available as a prescription drug.
No. Cardarine is a PPARδ agonist, while selective androgen receptor modulators act on androgen receptors. The two classes differ in receptor target and downstream effects.